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Collective conscious or collective conscience ((フランス語:conscience collective)) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.〔''Collins Dictionary of Sociology'', p93.〕 The term was introduced by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim in his ''Division of Labour in Society'' in 1893. The French word ''conscience'' can be translated into English as "conscious" or "conscience" (''conscience morale''), or even "perception"〔Shaun Best, ''A Beginner's Guide to Social Theory'', p. 28〕 or "awareness", and commentators and translators of Durkheim disagree on which is most appropriate, or whether the translation should depend on the context. Some prefer to treat the word 'conscience' as an untranslatable foreign word or technical term, without its normal English meaning.〔Simpson, George (Trans.) in Durkheim, Emile "The Division of Labour in Society" The Free Press, New York, 1993. pp. ix〕 In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social norms.〔Thomas E. Wren, ''Conceptions of Culture: What Multicultural Educators Need to Know'', p. 64〕 As for "collective", Durkheim makes clear that he is not reifying or hypostasizing this concept; for him, it is "collective" simply in the sense that it is common to many individuals;〔Warren Schmaus, ''Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge: Creating an Intellectual Niche'', 1994, ISBN 0226742512, p. 50-51〕 ''cf.'' social fact. == Collective consciousness in Durkheimian social theory == Durkheim used the term in his books ''The Division of Labour in Society'' (1893), ''Rules of the Sociological Method'' (1895), ''Suicide'' (1897), and ''The Elementary Forms of Religious Life'' (1912). In ''The Division of Labour'', Durkheim argued that in traditional/primitive societies (those based around clan, family or tribal relationships) totemic religion played an important role in uniting members through the creation of a common consciousness (''conscience collective'' in the original French). In societies of this type, the contents of an individual's consciousness are largely shared in common with all other members of their society, creating a mechanical solidarity through mutual likeness. In ''Suicide'', Durkheim developed the concept of anomie to refer to the social rather than individual causes of suicide. This relates to the concept of collective consciousness, as if there is a lack of integration or solidarity in society then suicide rates will be higher.〔Durkheim, E. Suicide, 1897.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「collective consciousness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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